{ "about": "Scoring rubric, ratings and cited evidence records for current members of Congress. Generated by scripts/build-seed.mjs from research/legislator-evidence.json using src/ratings.js. Party is listed but never scored. Corrections: bdcaunt@gmail.com. Method: https://commongroundai.org/methodology.html", "congress": 119, "rubric": { "version": "2026-11-05", "scale": { "min": -2, "max": 2, "null": "question does not apply to this record" }, "dimensions": { "innovation": "AI innovation & infrastructure", "safety": "AI safety & accountability", "community": "Protecting ratepayers & communities" }, "weights": { "vote": 3, "sponsored": 3, "committee": 2, "cosponsored": 2, "letter": 2, "statement": 1 }, "default_weight": 1, "dedupe": "Records from the same member with the same `action` key are one action. On each question, the action counts once, through its highest-weight record that scores that question; ties go to the most recent date. A record with no action key is grouped by its source URL.", "score": "Weighted average of the counted records' scores on that question, rounded to one decimal.", "labels": [ { "label": "Strong supporter", "rule": "score >= 1.25" }, { "label": "Supportive", "rule": "score >= 0.5" }, { "label": "Mixed", "rule": "score > -0.5" }, { "label": "Skeptical", "rule": "score > -1.25" }, { "label": "Opposed", "rule": "otherwise" } ], "no_record": "No public record yet", "confidence": [ { "level": "High", "rule": "at least 3 independent actions with total weight at least 7" }, { "level": "Medium", "rule": "at least 2 independent actions with total weight at least 4" }, { "level": "Low", "rule": "otherwise" } ], "low_confidence_cap": { "Strong supporter": "Supportive", "Opposed": "Skeptical" }, "overall": "Weighted average of every counted (action, question) score across all three questions, using the same weights. Confidence uses each independent action once, at the weight of its strongest record." }, "members": [ { "bioguide_id": "B001319", "name": "Katie Boyd Britt", "party": "Republican", "state": "AL", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "guard-act", "date": "2025-10-28", "summary": "Original cosponsor of the GUARD Act, which would bar AI companion chatbots for minors and require chatbots to disclose they are not human.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.hawley.senate.gov/hawley-introduces-bipartisan-bill-protecting-children-from-ai-chatbots-with-parents-colleagues/", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "C001095", "name": "Tom Cotton", "party": "Republican", "state": "AR", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "chip-security-act", "date": "2025-05-09", "summary": "Introduced the Chip Security Act (S. 1705), requiring location verification on export-controlled advanced AI chips and reporting of diversion or tampering, to curb smuggling to China.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1705", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "gain-ai-act", "date": "2025-11-07", "summary": "Co-introduced the bipartisan GAIN AI Act, which would require exporters of advanced AI chips to countries of concern to certify that U.S. customers had first access.", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/minority/banks-warren-cotton-schumer-mccormick-coons-introduce-landmark-bipartisan-gain-ai-act-to-maintain-us-position-as-worlds-leader-in-critical-artificial-intelligence-chips", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "W000821", "name": "Bruce Westerman", "party": "Republican", "state": "AR", "chamber": "house", "district": 4, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "speed-act", "date": "2025-12-18", "summary": "Sponsor of the SPEED Act (H.R. 4776), a NEPA permitting overhaul for energy and infrastructure projects that passed the House 221-196 (general permitting reform; not AI- or data-center-specific).", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/4776", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "K000377", "name": "Mark Kelly", "party": "Democrat", "state": "AZ", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "advanced-ai-security-readiness-act", "date": "2025-11-21", "summary": "Introduced the Advanced AI Security Readiness Act with Sen. Young, directing the NSA's AI Security Center to develop a security playbook for advanced AI systems against foreign theft and sabotage.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://readthereporter.com/?p=160974", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "L000397", "name": "Zoe Lofgren", "party": "Democrat", "state": "CA", "chamber": "house", "district": 18, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "ai-preemption-executive-order-2025-12", "date": "2025-12-11", "summary": "As Science Committee ranking member, called the White House executive order targeting state AI laws unlawful and urged the President to work with Congress on a federal standard.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://democrats-science.house.gov/news/press-releases/ranking-member-lofgren-slams-trump-white-house-for-illegal-plan-to-undermine-state-ai-laws", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "O000019", "name": "Jay Obernolte", "party": "Republican", "state": "CA", "chamber": "house", "district": 23, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 4, "weight": 7, "records": 4 }, "safety": { "score": 0.9, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 5, "weight": 10, "records": 5 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 6, "weight": 13, "records": 6 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-05-14", "summary": "At the Energy and Commerce markup, argued for the proposed 10-year moratorium on state AI regulation, saying Congress rather than the states should set AI rules.", "innovation": 1, "safety": -1, "community": null, "url": "https://techpolicy.press/us-house-committee-advances-10-year-moratorium-on-state-ai-regulation", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-whistleblower-protection-act", "date": "2025-05-15", "summary": "Co-introduced with Rep. Lieu the House AI Whistleblower Protection Act (H.R. 3460), protecting AI workers who report security vulnerabilities or violations.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/3460", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "american-leadership-in-ai-act", "date": "2026-04-27", "summary": "Co-introduced with Rep. Lieu the American Leadership in AI Act (H.R. 8516), a package of 20+ bipartisan task-force proposals covering NIST best practices for AI safety and transparency, deepfake remedies, AI fraud penalties, and whistleblower support.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://lieu.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/reps-lieu-and-obernolte-introduce-bipartisan-bill-advance-american", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "statement", "action": "obernolte-trahan-preemption-draft", "date": "2026-06-04", "summary": "Released with Rep. Trahan a discussion draft that would bar states from laws targeting AI model development while leaving states able to regulate AI uses.", "innovation": 1, "safety": -1, "community": null, "url": "https://gvwire.com/2026/06/04/us-house-lawmakers-release-draft-bill-to-prohibit-state-ai-rules/", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-security-and-innovation-act", "date": "2026-06-18", "summary": "Introduced the AI Security and Innovation Act of 2026 (H.R. 9363) with Rep. Foushee, authorizing NIST's AI security and evaluation center (CAISI); advanced unanimously by the Science Committee on June 25, 2026.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/9363", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "L000582", "name": "Ted Lieu", "party": "Democrat", "state": "CA", "chamber": "house", "district": 36, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1.5, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1.3, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "High", "actions": 3, "weight": 9, "records": 3 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-whistleblower-protection-act", "date": "2025-05-15", "summary": "Co-introduced with Rep. Obernolte the House AI Whistleblower Protection Act (H.R. 3460), protecting AI workers who report security vulnerabilities or violations.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/3460", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "american-leadership-in-ai-act", "date": "2026-04-27", "summary": "Introduced with Rep. Obernolte the American Leadership in AI Act (H.R. 8516), packaging 20+ bipartisan task-force proposals on NIST AI safety and transparency practices, deepfake remedies, AI fraud penalties, and whistleblower support.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://lieu.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/reps-lieu-and-obernolte-introduce-bipartisan-bill-advance-american", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "H000273", "name": "John W. Hickenlooper", "party": "Democrat", "state": "CO", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "vet-ai-act", "date": "2025-08-01", "summary": "Reintroduced the VET AI Act (S. 2615) with Sen. Capito, directing NIST to develop voluntary guidelines for independent third-party evaluation and assurance of AI systems.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2615", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "future-of-ai-innovation-act", "date": "2026-02-26", "summary": "Cosponsored the reintroduced Future of AI Innovation Act to codify NIST's Center for AI Standards and Innovation and create AI testbeds.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2026/2/cantwell-and-young-reintroduce-bill-to-ensure-u-s-leads-global-ai-innovation", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "E000300", "name": "Gabe Evans", "party": "Republican", "state": "CO", "chamber": "house", "district": 8, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Lead sponsor of the Ratepayer Protection Act (H.R. 9340), directing state regulators to consider requiring large data centers to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2026/09/16/house-passes-gabe-evans-bill-aiming-to-prevent-data-centers-from-driving-up-electricity-costs-2/", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "B001277", "name": "Richard Blumenthal", "party": "Democrat", "state": "CT", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": -1, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 2, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": 1.5, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 2 }, "overall": { "score": 1.1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 4, "weight": 9, "records": 4 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-risk-evaluation-act", "date": "2025-09-29", "summary": "Co-introduced the Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act (S. 2938), creating a Department of Energy evaluation program for advanced AI and barring deployment of covered models until developers comply.", "innovation": -1, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2938", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "guard-act", "date": "2025-10-28", "summary": "Original cosponsor of the GUARD Act to bar AI companion chatbots for minors and require non-human disclosures.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.hawley.senate.gov/hawley-introduces-bipartisan-bill-protecting-children-from-ai-chatbots-with-parents-colleagues/", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "letter", "action": "data-center-power-bill-letters-2025-12", "date": "2025-12-15", "summary": "With Sens. Warren and Van Hollen, sent letters to seven data center developers including Google, Microsoft, Amazon and Meta demanding answers on how data centers affect residential electricity bills.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://news.bgov.com/tech-and-telecom-law/us-lawmakers-investigate-big-tech-roles-pushing-up-power-bills", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "community" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "grid-act", "date": "2026-02-11", "summary": "Co-introduced the GRID Act with Sen. Hawley requiring 20+ MW data centers to show they will not raise consumer power bills or use off-grid power.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.hawley.senate.gov/hawley-blumenthal-introduce-bill-to-prevent-data-centers-from-increasing-electricity-costs-for-americans", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "C001088", "name": "Christopher A. Coons", "party": "Democrat", "state": "DE", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 3, "weight": 7, "records": 3 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "no-fakes-act", "date": "2025-04-09", "summary": "Co-led reintroduction of the NO FAKES Act (S. 1367) to create a federal right against unauthorized AI-generated digital replicas.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.klobuchar.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2025/4/klobuchar-coons-blackburn-and-colleagues-reintroduce-bipartisan-no-fakes-act", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "ai-whistleblower-protection-act", "date": "2025-05-15", "summary": "Original cosponsor of the AI Whistleblower Protection Act (S. 1792).", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/rep/releases/grassley-introduces-ai-whistleblower-protection-act", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "gain-ai-act", "date": "2025-11-07", "summary": "Co-introduced the bipartisan GAIN AI Act giving U.S. customers first access to advanced AI chips before exports to countries of concern.", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/minority/banks-warren-cotton-schumer-mccormick-coons-introduce-landmark-bipartisan-gain-ai-act-to-maintain-us-position-as-worlds-leader-in-critical-artificial-intelligence-chips", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "C001066", "name": "Kathy Castor", "party": "Democrat", "state": "FL", "chamber": "house", "district": 14, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1.7, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 2, "weight": 3, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-05-14", "summary": "Criticized the House reconciliation bill's moratorium on state AI regulation as a 'shocking surprise addition.'", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://techpolicy.press/us-house-committee-advances-10-year-moratorium-on-state-ai-regulation", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Lead Democratic cosponsor of the Ratepayer Protection Act (H.R. 9340), directing state regulators to consider requiring large data centers to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2026/09/16/house-passes-gabe-evans-bill-aiming-to-prevent-data-centers-from-driving-up-electricity-costs-2/", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "G000386", "name": "Chuck Grassley", "party": "Republican", "state": "IA", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-whistleblower-protection-act", "date": "2025-05-15", "summary": "As Judiciary Committee chair, introduced the AI Whistleblower Protection Act (S. 1792) to protect AI-company employees and contractors who report AI security vulnerabilities or violations to regulators or Congress from retaliation.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1792", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "D000563", "name": "Richard J. Durbin", "party": "Democrat", "state": "IL", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-lead-act", "date": "2025-09-29", "summary": "As Judiciary ranking member, introduced the AI LEAD Act (S. 2937) with Sen. Hawley, classifying AI systems as products and creating a federal product-liability cause of action for AI harms.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2937", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "K000391", "name": "Raja Krishnamoorthi", "party": "Democrat", "state": "IL", "chamber": "house", "district": 8, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "advanced-ai-security-readiness-act", "date": "2025-06-12", "summary": "As China Select Committee ranking member, co-introduced the Advanced AI Security Readiness Act (H.R. 3919), directing the NSA to develop a security playbook for advanced AI systems and data centers.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://chinaselectcommittee.house.gov/media/press-releases/defending-american-ai-moolenaar-bipartisan-group-introduce-advanced-ai", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "L000585", "name": "Darin LaHood", "party": "Republican", "state": "IL", "chamber": "house", "district": 16, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "advanced-ai-security-readiness-act", "date": "2025-06-12", "summary": "Led introduction of the Advanced AI Security Readiness Act (H.R. 3919), directing the NSA to develop a security playbook protecting advanced AI systems and data centers from espionage and theft.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://chinaselectcommittee.house.gov/media/press-releases/defending-american-ai-moolenaar-bipartisan-group-introduce-advanced-ai", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "B001299", "name": "Jim Banks", "party": "Republican", "state": "IN", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "gain-ai-act", "date": "2025-11-06", "summary": "Introduced the GAIN AI Act as a standalone bill (after offering it as an NDAA amendment), requiring chip exporters to give U.S. buyers right of first refusal on advanced AI chips before sales to China and other countries of concern.", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.banks.senate.gov/news/press-releases/senator-banks-introduces-gain-ai-act/", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "Y000064", "name": "Todd Young", "party": "Republican", "state": "IN", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1.5, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1.3, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "advanced-ai-security-readiness-act", "date": "2025-11-21", "summary": "Introduced the Advanced AI Security Readiness Act with Sen. Kelly, directing the NSA's AI Security Center to develop a playbook for protecting advanced AI systems and data centers from theft and sabotage by foreign actors.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://readthereporter.com/?p=160974", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "future-of-ai-innovation-act", "date": "2026-02-26", "summary": "Reintroduced the Future of AI Innovation Act with Sen. Cantwell, to codify NIST's Center for AI Standards and Innovation, create AI testbeds and prize competitions, and expand public datasets for AI research.", "innovation": 2, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2026/2/cantwell-and-young-reintroduce-bill-to-ensure-u-s-leads-global-ai-innovation", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "H001093", "name": "Erin Houchin", "party": "Republican", "state": "IN", "chamber": "house", "district": 9, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1.5, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "safe-bots-act", "date": "2026-03-05", "summary": "Sponsor of the SAFE BOTs Act (H.R. 6489) and AWARE Act (H.R. 5360), advanced by Energy and Commerce as part of a kids' online safety package; SAFE BOTs requires chatbots to disclose they are AI to minors, bars posing as licensed professionals, and requires crisis resources.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://houchin.house.gov/media/press-releases/houchin-bills-protect-children-ai-dangers-pass-energy-commerce-committee", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "G000558", "name": "Brett Guthrie", "party": "Republican", "state": "KY", "chamber": "house", "district": 2, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": -1, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "overall": { "score": 0.6, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 3 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-05-13", "summary": "As Energy and Commerce chair, defended the reconciliation text's moratorium on state AI law enforcement, saying 'we have to have a national standard.'", "innovation": 1, "safety": -1, "community": null, "url": "https://privacy-daily.com/news/2025/05/14/house-commerce-passes-ai-moratorium-text-despite-mounting-state-opposition-2505140059", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "committee", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-07-21", "summary": "As chair, advanced the Ratepayer Protection Act (H.R. 9340) through committee 52-0, framing it as ensuring data centers pay their own way rather than passing costs to families.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://energycommerce.house.gov/posts/ratepayer-protection-act-advances-from-house-committee-on-energy-and-commerce", "weight": 2, "counts": [] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "M000133", "name": "Edward J. Markey", "party": "Democrat", "state": "MA", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-07-01", "summary": "Co-submitted the amendment striking the proposed moratorium on state AI law enforcement from the budget reconciliation bill; adopted 99-1.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2025/7/senate-strikes-ai-moratorium-from-budget-reconciliation-bill-in-overwhelming-99-1-vote/8415a728-fd1d-4269-98ac-101d1d0c71e0", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "states-right-to-regulate-ai-act", "date": "2025-12-17", "summary": "Introduced the States' Right to Regulate AI Act (S. 3557), which would bar federal funds from being used to implement the December 2025 executive order targeting state AI laws.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/3557", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "W000817", "name": "Elizabeth Warren", "party": "Democrat", "state": "MA", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "gain-ai-act", "date": "2025-11-07", "summary": "As Banking ranking member, co-introduced the bipartisan GAIN AI Act giving U.S. customers first access to advanced AI chips before exports to countries of concern.", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/minority/banks-warren-cotton-schumer-mccormick-coons-introduce-landmark-bipartisan-gain-ai-act-to-maintain-us-position-as-worlds-leader-in-critical-artificial-intelligence-chips", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation" ] }, { "type": "letter", "action": "data-center-power-bill-letters-2025-12", "date": "2025-12-15", "summary": "Led letters with Sens. Van Hollen and Blumenthal to seven data center developers demanding answers on how data centers drive up residential electricity bills.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://news.bgov.com/tech-and-telecom-law/us-lawmakers-investigate-big-tech-roles-pushing-up-power-bills", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "T000482", "name": "Lori Trahan", "party": "Democrat", "state": "MA", "chamber": "house", "district": 3, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": -1, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 0.6, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "obernolte-trahan-preemption-draft", "date": "2026-06-04", "summary": "Released with Rep. Obernolte a discussion draft that would bar states from laws targeting AI model development while leaving states able to regulate AI uses.", "innovation": 1, "safety": -1, "community": null, "url": "https://gvwire.com/2026/06/04/us-house-lawmakers-release-draft-bill-to-prohibit-state-ai-rules/", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "V000128", "name": "Chris Van Hollen", "party": "Democrat", "state": "MD", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1.6, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "overall": { "score": 1.6, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "letter", "action": "data-center-power-bill-letters-2025-12", "date": "2025-12-15", "summary": "Joined letters to seven data center developers demanding answers on how data centers affect residential electricity bills.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://news.bgov.com/tech-and-telecom-law/us-lawmakers-investigate-big-tech-roles-pushing-up-power-bills", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "community" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "power-for-the-people-act", "date": "2026-01-15", "summary": "Introduced the Power for the People Act (S. 3682), requiring data centers to pay for grid upgrades they need, directing states to evaluate a separate data center rate class, and requiring FERC to ensure data centers pay for local transmission upgrades.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.vanhollen.senate.gov/news/press-releases/van-hollen-leads-new-bill-to-ensure-americans-arent-footing-the-bill-for-big-data-centers", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "G000592", "name": "Jared F. Golden", "party": "Democrat", "state": "ME", "chamber": "house", "district": 2, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "speed-act", "date": "2025-12-18", "summary": "Lead Democratic cosponsor of the SPEED Act (H.R. 4776), a NEPA permitting overhaul for energy and infrastructure projects that passed the House 221-196 (general permitting reform; not AI- or data-center-specific).", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/4776", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "M001194", "name": "John R. Moolenaar", "party": "Republican", "state": "MI", "chamber": "house", "district": 2, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "advanced-ai-security-readiness-act", "date": "2025-06-12", "summary": "As China Select Committee chair, co-introduced the Advanced AI Security Readiness Act (H.R. 3919), directing the NSA to develop a security playbook protecting advanced AI systems and data centers from espionage and theft.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://chinaselectcommittee.house.gov/media/press-releases/defending-american-ai-moolenaar-bipartisan-group-introduce-advanced-ai", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "T000481", "name": "Rashida Tlaib", "party": "Democrat", "state": "MI", "chamber": "house", "district": 12, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": -2, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 0.5, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 2 }, "overall": { "score": 0, "label": "Mixed", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "One of three members voting no on the Ratepayer Protection Act (passed 417-3), saying it did not do enough to meaningfully protect communities.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 0, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] }, { "type": "statement", "action": "ai-data-center-moratorium", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Called for a national moratorium on data centers and a prohibition on data centers on federal lands.", "innovation": -2, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2026/09/16/house-passes-gabe-evans-bill-aiming-to-prevent-data-centers-from-driving-up-electricity-costs-2/", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation", "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "K000367", "name": "Amy Klobuchar", "party": "Democrat", "state": "MN", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 3, "weight": 8, "records": 3 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "no-fakes-act", "date": "2025-04-09", "summary": "Co-led reintroduction of the NO FAKES Act (S. 1367) to create a federal right against unauthorized AI-generated digital replicas of voice and likeness.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.klobuchar.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2025/4/klobuchar-coons-blackburn-and-colleagues-reintroduce-bipartisan-no-fakes-act", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "ai-whistleblower-protection-act", "date": "2025-05-15", "summary": "Original cosponsor of the AI Whistleblower Protection Act (S. 1792) protecting AI workers who report safety and security concerns.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/rep/releases/grassley-introduces-ai-whistleblower-protection-act", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-30", "summary": "One of four Democrats who voted for cloture on the motion to proceed to the Ratepayer Protection Act (H.R. 9340); the motion failed 57-43.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1192/vote_119_2_00254.htm", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "H001089", "name": "Josh Hawley", "party": "Republican", "state": "MO", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": -1, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 2, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "High", "actions": 3, "weight": 8, "records": 3 }, "community": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1.4, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "High", "actions": 4, "weight": 11, "records": 4 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-risk-evaluation-act", "date": "2025-09-29", "summary": "Introduced the Artificial Intelligence Risk Evaluation Act (S. 2938) with Sen. Blumenthal, creating a Department of Energy program to evaluate advanced AI systems and barring deployment of covered models until developers comply.", "innovation": -1, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2938", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "ai-lead-act", "date": "2025-09-29", "summary": "Co-introduced the AI LEAD Act (S. 2937) with Sen. Durbin, which would classify AI systems as products and create a federal product-liability cause of action for AI harms.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2937", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "guard-act", "date": "2025-10-28", "summary": "Introduced the GUARD Act, which would bar AI companion chatbots for minors, require chatbots to disclose they are not human, and create penalties for chatbots that solicit or produce sexual content with minors.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.hawley.senate.gov/hawley-introduces-bipartisan-bill-protecting-children-from-ai-chatbots-with-parents-colleagues/", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "grid-act", "date": "2026-02-11", "summary": "Introduced the GRID Act with Sen. Blumenthal, requiring data centers of 20+ MW to show they will not raise consumer power bills or else use off-grid power, prioritizing residential customers, and requiring disclosure of data center utility use.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.hawley.senate.gov/hawley-blumenthal-introduce-bill-to-prevent-data-centers-from-increasing-electricity-costs-for-americans", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "T000476", "name": "Thom Tillis", "party": "Republican", "state": "NC", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": -0.2, "label": "Mixed", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 0.3, "label": "Mixed", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "no-fakes-act", "date": "2025-04-09", "summary": "Joined the bipartisan reintroduction of the NO FAKES Act (S. 1367) to create a federal right against unauthorized AI-generated digital replicas of voice and likeness.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.klobuchar.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2025/4/klobuchar-coons-blackburn-and-colleagues-reintroduce-bipartisan-no-fakes-act", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-07-01", "summary": "Cast the only vote against the amendment striking the proposed moratorium on state AI law enforcement from the budget reconciliation bill (adopted 99-1), i.e., voted to keep the moratorium.", "innovation": 1, "safety": -1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00363.htm", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "F000477", "name": "Valerie P. Foushee", "party": "Democrat", "state": "NC", "chamber": "house", "district": 4, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "ai-security-and-innovation-act", "date": "2026-06-18", "summary": "Co-lead of the AI Security and Innovation Act of 2026 (H.R. 9363) with Rep. Obernolte, authorizing NIST's AI security and evaluation center (CAISI); advanced unanimously by the Science Committee.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/9363", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "K000394", "name": "Andy Kim", "party": "Democrat", "state": "NJ", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "chat-act", "date": "2026-07-30", "summary": "Introduced CHAT Act 2.0 with Sen. Husted, a tiered, risk-based framework for companion chatbots that bars sexual content and self-harm encouragement for minors and requires age verification, parental controls, and non-human disclosure.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://longisland.news12.com/sens-kim-husted-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-regulate-ai-companion-chatbots-for-minors", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "G000583", "name": "Josh Gottheimer", "party": "Democrat", "state": "NJ", "chamber": "house", "district": 5, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "advanced-ai-security-readiness-act", "date": "2025-06-12", "summary": "Co-led the Advanced AI Security Readiness Act (H.R. 3919), directing the NSA to develop a security playbook for advanced AI systems and data centers.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://chinaselectcommittee.house.gov/media/press-releases/defending-american-ai-moolenaar-bipartisan-group-introduce-advanced-ai", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "P000034", "name": "Frank Pallone, Jr.", "party": "Democrat", "state": "NJ", "chamber": "house", "district": 6, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "committee", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-05-13", "summary": "As Energy and Commerce ranking member, offered an amendment to strip the 10-year moratorium on state AI law enforcement from the reconciliation text, calling it a giveaway to Big Tech; it failed 24-29.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://privacy-daily.com/news/2025/05/14/house-commerce-passes-ai-moratorium-text-despite-mounting-state-opposition-2505140059", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "H001046", "name": "Martin Heinrich", "party": "Democrat", "state": "NM", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-17", "summary": "As Energy Committee ranking member, objected to unanimous consent to pass the Ratepayer Protection Act, calling for enforceable requirements rather than voluntary pledges, and sought consent to pass his GRID Savings Act requiring large data centers to pay grid connection costs (Sen. Moreno objected).", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.fox5dc.com/news/senate-democrat-blocks-data-center-electricity-costs-bill", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "S000148", "name": "Charles E. Schumer", "party": "Democrat", "state": "NY", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 2, "weight": 3, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "gain-ai-act", "date": "2025-11-07", "summary": "Co-introduced the bipartisan GAIN AI Act giving U.S. customers first access to advanced AI chips before exports to countries of concern.", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/minority/banks-warren-cotton-schumer-mccormick-coons-introduce-landmark-bipartisan-gain-ai-act-to-maintain-us-position-as-worlds-leader-in-critical-artificial-intelligence-chips", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation" ] }, { "type": "statement", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-30", "summary": "Opposed advancing the Ratepayer Protection Act, calling it 'toothless' because its protections are voluntary and saying Democrats want data centers required by law to cover their costs.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://rollcall.com/2026/09/30/voluntary-ratepayer-protection-bill-blocked-in-senate-again/", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "O000172", "name": "Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez", "party": "Democrat", "state": "NY", "chamber": "house", "district": 14, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": -2, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1.5, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 }, "overall": { "score": 0.5, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-data-center-moratorium", "date": "2026-03-25", "summary": "Introduced the House AI Data Center Moratorium Act with Sen. Sanders, which would pause construction and expansion of AI data centers until national safeguards on AI, electricity costs, environment, and community consent are enacted.", "innovation": -2, "safety": 1, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/politics/ocasio-cortez-and-sanders-push-bill-to-impose-ai-data-center-moratorium", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety", "community" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "H001104", "name": "Jon Husted", "party": "Republican", "state": "OH", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 2, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 3 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "chat-act", "date": "2025-09-08", "summary": "Introduced the CHAT Act (S. 2714), requiring companion AI chatbot operators to verify users' ages, obtain parental consent for minors, block sexual content, and respond to signs of self-harm.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2714", "weight": 3, "counts": [] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-07-20", "summary": "Introduced the Senate Ratepayer Protection Act, which would direct state regulators to consider standards making large data centers pay the cost of grid upgrades they require rather than passing costs to other ratepayers.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.husted.senate.gov/?p=12816", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "chat-act", "date": "2026-07-30", "summary": "Introduced CHAT Act 2.0 with Sen. Andy Kim, a tiered, risk-based framework for companion chatbots that bars sexual content and self-harm encouragement for minors and requires age verification and parental controls, enforced by the FTC and state AGs.", "innovation": null, "safety": 2, "community": null, "url": "https://longisland.news12.com/sens-kim-husted-introduce-bipartisan-bill-to-regulate-ai-companion-chatbots-for-minors", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "L000566", "name": "Robert E. Latta", "party": "Republican", "state": "OH", "chamber": "house", "district": 5, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-07-21", "summary": "As Energy subcommittee chair, supported committee passage (52-0) of the Ratepayer Protection Act, noting many states already use large-load tariffs for data centers.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://energycommerce.house.gov/posts/ratepayer-protection-act-advances-from-house-committee-on-energy-and-commerce", "weight": 1, "counts": [] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "M001243", "name": "David McCormick", "party": "Republican", "state": "PA", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1.3, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 2, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1.3, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 2, "weight": 3, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "pa-energy-innovation-summit-2025", "date": "2025-07-15", "summary": "Hosted the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where companies announced more than $90 billion in planned data center, AI, and energy infrastructure investments in the state.", "innovation": 2, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.mccormick.senate.gov/?p=7596", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "gain-ai-act", "date": "2025-11-07", "summary": "Co-introduced the bipartisan GAIN AI Act giving U.S. customers first access to advanced AI chips before exports to countries of concern.", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.banking.senate.gov/newsroom/minority/banks-warren-cotton-schumer-mccormick-coons-introduce-landmark-bipartisan-gain-ai-act-to-maintain-us-position-as-worlds-leader-in-critical-artificial-intelligence-chips", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "F000479", "name": "John Fetterman", "party": "Democrat", "state": "PA", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "ai-data-center-moratorium", "date": "2026-03-25", "summary": "Publicly opposed the proposed national AI data center moratorium, writing that he refused to help hand the lead in AI to China.", "innovation": 1, "safety": null, "community": null, "url": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/politics/ocasio-cortez-and-sanders-push-bill-to-impose-ai-data-center-moratorium", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "T000250", "name": "John Thune", "party": "Republican", "state": "SD", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-30", "summary": "As Majority Leader, called the Ratepayer Protection Act 'common sense' and brought it to a cloture vote, which failed 57-43.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://rollcall.com/2026/09/30/voluntary-ratepayer-protection-bill-blocked-in-senate-again/", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "B001243", "name": "Marsha Blackburn", "party": "Republican", "state": "TN", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 2, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 4, "weight": 9, "records": 4 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "High", "actions": 4, "weight": 9, "records": 4 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "no-fakes-act", "date": "2025-04-09", "summary": "Co-led reintroduction of the NO FAKES Act (S. 1367), which would create a federal right to control digital replicas of a person's voice and likeness, including AI-generated deepfakes.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1367", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-07-01", "summary": "Offered and voted for the amendment (S.Amdt. 2814) striking the proposed moratorium on state AI law enforcement from the budget reconciliation bill; adopted 99-1.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00363.htm", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "future-of-ai-innovation-act", "date": "2026-02-26", "summary": "Cosponsored the reintroduced Future of AI Innovation Act, which would formally establish NIST's Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI), create AI testbeds, and fund AI-related prize competitions.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2026/2/cantwell-and-young-reintroduce-bill-to-ensure-u-s-leads-global-ai-innovation", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "statement", "action": "blackburn-ai-framework-draft", "date": "2026-03-18", "summary": "Released a discussion draft of a national AI policy framework (reported as the TRUMP AMERICA AI Act) that would set federal AI rules with preemption provisions and include kids' online safety chatbot safeguards and NO FAKES-derived content provenance provisions.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://iapp.org/news/a/us-sen-blackburn-proposes-ai-framework-to-protect-children-copyrights", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "C001098", "name": "Ted Cruz", "party": "Republican", "state": "TX", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": -1, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 0.5, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "sandbox-act", "date": "2025-09-10", "summary": "As Commerce Committee chair, released a five-pillar AI policy framework and introduced the SANDBOX Act, which would let AI developers apply for temporary waivers from certain federal regulations to test AI systems.", "innovation": 2, "safety": -1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2025/9/sen-cruz-unveils-ai-policy-framework-to-strengthen-american-ai-leadership", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "B001291", "name": "Brian Babin", "party": "Republican", "state": "TX", "chamber": "house", "district": 36, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "committee", "action": "science-committee-ai-markup-2026-06", "date": "2026-06-25", "summary": "As Science Committee chair, led a markup of ten bipartisan AI bills and said the AI security and evaluation center (CAISI) should be adequately funded, above levels in proposed amendments.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://republicans-science.house.gov/2026/6/opening-statement-of-chairman-brian-babin-at-full-committee-markup-of-h-r-9341-h-r-9363-h-r-2385-h-r-5351-h-r-5584-h-r-6461-h-r-8893-h-r-9333-h-r-9334-and-h-r-9372", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "W000805", "name": "Mark R. Warner", "party": "Democrat", "state": "VA", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "guard-act", "date": "2025-10-28", "summary": "Original cosponsor of the GUARD Act, which would bar AI companion chatbots for minors and require chatbots to disclose they are not human.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.hawley.senate.gov/hawley-introduces-bipartisan-bill-protecting-children-from-ai-chatbots-with-parents-colleagues/", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "C001118", "name": "Ben Cline", "party": "Republican", "state": "VA", "chamber": "house", "district": 6, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 2, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-17", "summary": "Cosponsor of the Ratepayer Protection Act (H.R. 9340), which passed the House 417-3, to keep data center grid costs off other customers' electric bills.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://www.wdbj7.com/2026/09/17/ratepayer-protection-act-passes-house-shields-users-against-higher-data-center-electricity-costs/", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "B001292", "name": "Donald S. Beyer, Jr.", "party": "Democrat", "state": "VA", "chamber": "house", "district": 8, "leaving_office_2027": null, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 6, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "guardrails-act", "date": "2026-03-20", "summary": "Introduced the GUARDRAILS Act with colleagues to repeal the December 2025 executive order seeking to preempt state AI regulation.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://beyer.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=9009", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "vote", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-16", "summary": "Voted yes on H.R. 9340, the Ratepayer Protection Act, which directs state utility regulators to consider standards requiring large data centers (100+ MW) to pay the full incremental cost of grid upgrades built to serve them; it passed the House 417-3.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026312", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "S000033", "name": "Bernard Sanders", "party": "Independent", "state": "VT", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": -2, "label": "Skeptical", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 }, "overall": { "score": 0.3, "label": "Mixed", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "ai-data-center-moratorium", "date": "2025-12-16", "summary": "Called in a video for a national moratorium on data center construction to slow AI expansion, citing job losses, concentration of power, and effects on children.", "innovation": -2, "safety": 1, "community": 1, "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/12/17/datacenter_ai_bernie_sanders/", "weight": 1, "counts": [] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "ai-data-center-moratorium", "date": "2026-03-25", "summary": "Introduced the AI Data Center Moratorium Act with Rep. Ocasio-Cortez, which would halt construction and expansion of AI data centers until Congress enacts a federal approval system for AI products and guarantees data centers do not raise electricity costs, worsen environmental harm, or proceed without community approval.", "innovation": -2, "safety": 1, "community": 2, "url": "https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-ocasio-cortez-announce-ai-data-center-moratorium-act", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety", "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "C000127", "name": "Maria Cantwell", "party": "Democrat", "state": "WA", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 2, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 }, "community": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "overall": { "score": 1.4, "label": "Strong supporter", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 5, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "cosponsored", "action": "hr1-state-ai-moratorium", "date": "2025-07-01", "summary": "As Commerce ranking member, co-led the amendment striking the proposed moratorium on state AI law enforcement from the budget reconciliation bill; adopted 99-1.", "innovation": null, "safety": 1, "community": null, "url": "https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2025/7/senate-strikes-ai-moratorium-from-budget-reconciliation-bill-in-overwhelming-99-1-vote/8415a728-fd1d-4269-98ac-101d1d0c71e0", "weight": 2, "counts": [ "safety" ] }, { "type": "sponsored", "action": "future-of-ai-innovation-act", "date": "2026-02-26", "summary": "Reintroduced the Future of AI Innovation Act with Sen. 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Lummis", "party": "Republican", "state": "WY", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": true, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "safety": { "score": 0, "label": "Mixed", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 3, "records": 1 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 0.6, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Medium", "actions": 2, "weight": 4, "records": 2 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "sponsored", "action": "rise-act", "date": "2025-06-12", "summary": "Introduced the RISE Act (S. 2081), which would give AI developers conditional civil immunity for professional uses of their tools if they publicly release model cards and key design specifications, while keeping licensed professionals responsible for their advice.", "innovation": 1, "safety": 0, "community": null, "url": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/2081", "weight": 3, "counts": [ "innovation", "safety" ] }, { "type": "statement", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-30", "summary": "After voting for cloture on the Ratepayer Protection Act, criticized Senate Democrats for blocking it and said she would keep pushing to make large data centers cover their grid costs.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://cowboystatedaily.com/2026/09/30/barrasso-lummis-slam-senate-democrats-for-sinking-data-center-power-bill/", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] }, { "bioguide_id": "B001261", "name": "John Barrasso", "party": "Republican", "state": "WY", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": false, "ratings": { "innovation": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "safety": { "score": null, "label": "No public record yet", "confidence": null, "actions": 0, "weight": 0, "records": 0 }, "community": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 }, "overall": { "score": 1, "label": "Supportive", "confidence": "Low", "actions": 1, "weight": 1, "records": 1 } }, "evidence": [ { "type": "statement", "action": "ratepayer-protection-act", "date": "2026-09-30", "summary": "Voted for cloture on the Ratepayer Protection Act and said working families should not be stuck with the bill for data center grid costs.", "innovation": null, "safety": null, "community": 1, "url": "https://cowboystatedaily.com/2026/09/30/barrasso-lummis-slam-senate-democrats-for-sinking-data-center-power-bill/", "weight": 1, "counts": [ "community" ] } ] } ], "members_without_records": { "note": "Rated \"No public record yet\" on every question. That is not a negative rating.", "members": [ { "bioguide_id": "S001198", "name": "Dan Sullivan", "party": "Republican", "state": "AK", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": null }, { "bioguide_id": "M001153", "name": "Lisa Murkowski", "party": "Republican", "state": "AK", "chamber": "senate", "district": null, "leaving_office_2027": null }, { "bioguide_id": "B001323", "name": "Nicholas J. 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